Peptidoglycan {90000200}

Shared Reference Notes

• [1.1] 
  - Peptidoglycan from the gut translocates to the circulation and increases the killing capacity of neutrophils via NOD1.
• [1.2] 
  - Peptidoglycan is the major structural polymer forming the cell wall of bacteria. - bacterial cell wall component peptidoglycan, is well-characterized as an inflammatory molecule in acute and chronic conditions. - peptidoglycan has a distinct tropism for host organs when absorbed via the gut, most notably by favoring access to the brain. - the highest levels of exogenously administered peptidoglycan were observed in the brain, spleen, kidneys, thymus and fat, whereas the lowest levels were observed in the liver, heart, and lungs - intestinal translocation of peptidoglycan occurs through a microbiota-induced active process. This process is regulated by the parasympathetic pathway via the muscarinic acetylcholine receptors.
• [1.3] [#Colorectal cancer] [#Porphyromonas gingivalis] 
  - the peptidoglycan from P. gingivalis molecules induces programmed cell death 1 ligand 1 (PD-L1) up-regulation in colon carcinoma cells and mediates deep inhibition of T cells
• [1.4] [#Lantibiotics] 
  - the lantibitoic #Nisin binds to the lipid II, which is responsible for peptidoglycan synthesis, thus interfering with cell wall biosynthesis of target bacteria. In addition, its C-terminal region leads to the formation of pores that result in membrane disruption and efflux of bacterial metabolites necessary for growth.
• [1.5] 
  - Peptidoglycan is another prebiotics fermentation product that can stimulate the innate immune system against pathogenic microorganisms
• [1.6] [#Non-Hodgkin lymphoma] 
  - in Lymphoma > higher pre-treatment #Bifidobacterium longum and microbiome-encoded peptidoglycan biosynthesis was linked to better survival outcomes after #CAR T-cell therapy.
• [1.7] [#mRNA vaccine] 
  - Microbiota-derived #Flagellin, peptidoglycan, and #Lipopolysaccharide can act as natural adjuvants to vaccination, recognized by PRRs
• [1.8] [#Lipopolysaccharide] 
  - TLRs, including TLR2, TLR3, TLR4, TLR5, TLR7, TLR8, and TLR9, exhibit heightened sensitivity to microbial component alterations, such as peptidoglycans and lipopolysaccharides, distinguishing between physiological colonization and pathogenic presence and actively contributing to initiating inflammatory responses.
• [1.9] [#Enterococcus faecium] 
  - E. faecium protects the gut from infections by releasing a hydrolase enzyme called #Secreted antigen A (SagA), which is involved in remodeling its cell wall. - SagA breaks down peptidoglycans, the main component of the E. faecium cell wall, to produce small fragments called #Muramyldipeptides. - These MDPs activate receptors known as NOD2 in the host’s immune cells, leading to improved immunity in the gut.

References Notes