4EPS {60000094} Record Keys Parent:[ ] Definition:4EPS Queue:[ ] Details Initialisation date:2020-10-09 Specification: 4-ethylphenylsulphateSource: [ ] Meta Information Structural Type:[ ] Functional Type:[ ] Function:[ ] Notes: - This substance is structurally similar to a chemical called para-cresol that is elevated in people with autismShared Reference Notes [1.1] - mice exposed to 4EPS displayed #Anxiety-like behaviours, and pharmacological treatments that promote oligodendrocyte differentiation prevented the behavioural effects of 4EPS. [1.2] [#Autism] - High blood concentrations of host-modified #4EP, 4-ethylphenol #Sulfate [4EPS], are associated with an #Anxiety phenotype in autistic individuals. - accumulation of 4EPS in the brain of mice affects connectivity between subregions, particularly those linked to #Anxiety [#Autism, #Blood Brain Barrier Integrity] - increased intestinal permeability is common in autistic individuals, potentially explaining increased flux of #4EP and/or 4EPS across the gut epithelium and the Blood Brain Barrier [BBB]. [#Autism] - #Clostridium spp. are highly abundant in autistic individuals and yield #4EP precursors. - A subset of the required enzymes (e.g., hydroxycinnamate reductase enzymes (HCRs), #Tyrosine #Ammonia-lyase (TALs)) are encoded within the genomes of many microbes (e.g., #Clostridium aerotolerans, #Clostridium xylanolyticum and #Bacteroides ovatus) > increase #4EP [#Clostridium aerotolerans] - other enzymes (e.g., vinylphenol reductase protein (VPR)) are rarer and encoded by only a few microbes (i.e., #Lactobacillus plantarum, C. aerotolerans DSM 5434T and #Brettanomyces (Dekkera) yeasts) > increase #4EP [1.3] [#Bacteroides ovatus] - B. ovatus is a primary producer of a precursor to 4EPS and increased #Anxiety behaviors in mice. [#Bacteroides fragilis] - B. fragilis, was able to ameliorate #Autism spectrum disorder (ASD)–like symptoms in a mouse model by consuming a microbially dependent metabolite 4-ethylphenylsulfate (4EPS)References Notes[ ]