4EPS {60000094}

Record Keys


Parent:[  ]
Definition:
4EPS
Queue:[  ]

Details


Initialisation date:
2020-10-09
Specification:

4-ethylphenylsulphate

Source:
[  ]

Meta Information


Structural Type:[  ]
Functional Type:[  ]
Function:[  ]

Notes:


- This substance is structurally similar to a chemical called para-cresol that is elevated in people with autism

Shared Reference Notes


  • [1.1
    - mice exposed to 4EPS displayed #Anxiety-like behaviours, and pharmacological treatments that promote oligodendrocyte differentiation prevented the behavioural effects of 4EPS.
  • [1.2] [#Autism
    - High blood concentrations of host-modified #4EP, 4-ethylphenol #Sulfate [4EPS], are associated with an #Anxiety phenotype in autistic individuals. - accumulation of 4EPS in the brain of mice affects connectivity between subregions, particularly those linked to #Anxiety
  • [#Autism, #Blood Brain Barrier Integrity] - increased intestinal permeability is common in autistic individuals, potentially explaining increased flux of #4EP and/or 4EPS across the gut epithelium and the Blood Brain Barrier [BBB].
  • [#Autism] - #Clostridium spp. are highly abundant in autistic individuals and yield #4EP precursors.
  • - A subset of the required enzymes (e.g., hydroxycinnamate reductase enzymes (HCRs), #Tyrosine #Ammonia-lyase (TALs)) are encoded within the genomes of many microbes (e.g., #Clostridium aerotolerans, #Clostridium xylanolyticum and #Bacteroides ovatus) > increase #4EP
  • [#Clostridium aerotolerans] - other enzymes (e.g., vinylphenol reductase protein (VPR)) are rarer and encoded by only a few microbes (i.e., #Lactobacillus plantarum, C. aerotolerans DSM 5434T and #Brettanomyces (Dekkera) yeasts) > increase #4EP
  • [1.3] [#Bacteroides ovatus
    - B. ovatus is a primary producer of a precursor to 4EPS and increased #Anxiety behaviors in mice.
  • [#Bacteroides fragilis] - B. fragilis, was able to ameliorate #Autism spectrum disorder (ASD)–like symptoms in a mouse model by consuming a microbially dependent metabolite 4-ethylphenylsulfate (4EPS)

References Notes


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